Name: Ahmad Rizky Subhansyah (2511031086)
S1 Accounting

my answer:
1. Define Organizational Change and Explain the Forces Driving Innovation and Change in Today’s Organizations

Organizational change refers to the process through which a company or institution alters its structure, strategies, operational methods, technologies, or culture to adapt to internal and external pressures.

Forces driving innovation and change today include:

- Technological advancements: Rapid developments in AI, automation, and digital tools push organizations to innovate.
- Globalization: Increased competition and collaboration across borders require adaptive strategies.
- Customer expectations: Demand for personalized, fast, and high-quality services/products drives innovation.
- Regulatory changes: New laws and policies force organizations to change practices.
- Workforce dynamics: Generational shifts and remote work trends influence organizational culture and structure.
- Environmental concerns: Sustainability and climate change push companies toward green innovation.

2. Identify the Three Innovation Strategies Managers Implement for Changing Products and Technologies

1. Exploration Strategy:
- Focuses on developing new products or technologies.
- Encourages experimentation, risk-taking, and creativity.

2. Cooperation Strategy:
- Involves partnerships with other organizations, suppliers, or customers.
- Promotes shared innovation through collaboration.

3. Innovation Roles Strategy:
- Assigns specific roles to individuals or teams to champion innovation.
- Includes idea champions, new-venture teams, and cross-functional groups.

3. Explain the Value of Creativity, Idea Incubators, Horizontal Linkages, Open Innovation, Idea Champions, and New-Venture Teams for Innovation

- Creativity: The foundation of innovation; it generates novel ideas and solutions.
- Idea Incubators: Internal units that nurture early-stage ideas until they’re ready for implementation.
- Horizontal Linkages: Cross-departmental collaboration that breaks silos and fosters diverse perspectives.
- Open Innovation: Leveraging external ideas and technologies to complement internal efforts.
- Idea Champions: Passionate individuals who advocate for and drive new ideas through resistance.
- New-Venture Teams: Dedicated groups that develop and launch new products or services, often operating like startups within the organization.

4. Why Changes in People and Culture Are Critical to Any Change Process

Changes in people and culture are essential because:

- Culture shapes behavior: Without cultural alignment, change initiatives often fail.
- Employee buy-in: People must understand and support change for it to succeed.
- Adaptability: A culture that embraces learning and flexibility enables smoother transitions.
- Leadership and communication: Influencing attitudes and values is key to sustaining change.



5. Define Organization Development (OD) and Large Group Interventions

- Organization Development (OD): A planned, systematic approach to improving organizational effectiveness through behavioral science. It focuses on human processes like communication, leadership, and team dynamics.

- Large Group Interventions: OD techniques that involve a broad cross-section of stakeholders in the change process. Examples include Future Search, World Café, and Appreciative Inquiry Summits. These methods foster shared understanding and collective action.

Hello, my name is Ahmad Rizky Subhansyah, from Accounting Department, my NPM is 2511031086
here is my answers:
1.Borderless World & Managerial Issues

The world is becoming more connected thanks to globalization, advances in technology, and open trade.
In this environment, goods, services, people, and information can flow easily between countries. As a result, companies now operate on a global scale, hire workers from different countries, and manage supply chains that span the globe.

Managers today face several important challenges:

* Differences in culture can make it hard to work with diverse groups and can lead to misunderstandings.

* There is a need to act responsibly by treating workers fairly, protecting the environment, and following ethical business practices.

* Economic and political problems, like trade disputes, high taxes, or unstable governments, can affect business operations.

* New technology is changing how businesses work, and managers must keep up with digital changes while staying safe from cyber threats.

* Managing a global team and supply chain means working across different time zones and dealing with unexpected problems.


In short, while globalization opens up new chances for growth, it also brings difficult challenges that require smart, culturally sensitive, and forward-thinking leadership.

2.Market Entry Strategies for Foreign Markets

Companies can adopt various approaches to enter international markets, considering factors like risk, cost, and level of control:

1.
Exporting: Selling domestically produced goods to foreign buyers. This method involves low risk and cost but offers limited control over foreign operations.
2.
Licensing & Franchising: Permitting foreign firms to use the company’s brand, technology, or business model in exchange for fees or royalties.
3.
Joint Ventures & Strategic Alliances: Collaborating with local firms to share resources, knowledge, and risks.
4.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Establishing or acquiring operations in a foreign country, such as factories or subsidiaries. This strategy involves higher risk but provides greater control.
5.
Contract Manufacturing: Outsourcing production to foreign companies to cut costs.
6.
Greenfield Investment: Building new facilities from scratch in a foreign country.

Each strategy involves a trade-off between risk, investment, control, and potential returns, and businesses choose based on their objectives and available resources.

3.Definition of International Management:

International management involves overseeing business operations across different countries, requiring the coordination of people, resources, and activities in multiple regions.


Difference from Domestic Management

* Scope: International management spans multiple countries, whereas domestic management is confined to a single nation.

* Cultural Factors: Managers must navigate diverse cultures, languages, and work practices.

* Environment: International managers deal with varying legal systems, political risks, and economic conditions.

* Complexity: Global supply chains, exchange rates, and cross-border communication add to the complexity compared to domestic management.


In conclusion, international management demands a broader range of skills to handle cultural, legal, and economic differences than managing within a single country.

4.The Impact of Environmental Differences on Business Operations:

* Economic Environment: Variations in income levels, infrastructure, currency stability, and economic development influence pricing, demand, and investment strategies.
For instance, luxury products may perform well in developed countries but face challenges in low-income markets.
* Sociocultural Environment: Differences in language, religion, values, and consumer behavior affect marketing practices and teamwork.
Misunderstanding these factors can lead to ineffective promotions and poor management.
* Legal and Political Environment: Diverse laws, regulations, tax systems, and political stability impact business operations.
Trade barriers, labor laws, and political instability can heighten risks and operational costs.

In total, these environmental differences necessitate that companies adjust their strategies to align with the unique conditions of each market.

5.Definition of International Management:

International management involves overseeing business operations across different countries, requiring the coordination of people, resources, and activities in multiple regions.


Difference from Domestic Management

* Scope: International management spans multiple countries, whereas domestic management is confined to a single nation.

* Cultural Factors: Managers must navigate diverse cultures, languages, and work practices.

* Environment: International managers deal with varying legal systems, political risks, and economic conditions.

* Complexity: Global supply chains, exchange rates, and cross-border communication add to the complexity compared to domestic management.


In conclusion, international management demands a broader range of skills to handle cultural, legal, and economic differences than managing within a single country.

6.The Impact of Environmental Differences on Business Operations:

* Economic Environment: Variations in income levels, infrastructure, currency stability, and economic development influence pricing, demand, and investment strategies.
For instance, luxury products may perform well in developed countries but face challenges in low-income markets.
* Sociocultural Environment: Differences in language, religion, values, and consumer behavior affect marketing practices and teamwork.
Misunderstanding these factors can lead to ineffective promotions and poor management.
* Legal and Political Environment: Diverse laws, regulations, tax systems, and political stability impact business operations.
Trade barriers, labor laws, and political instability can heighten risks and operational costs.

In total, these environmental differences necessitate that companies adjust their strategies to align with the unique conditions of each market.

7.Cultural Intelligence (CQ):
Cultural intelligence refers to the ability to understand, respect, and adapt to different cultural norms, values, and behaviors in international environments.
It extends beyond language proficiency and encompasses awareness, empathy, and flexibility when interacting with individuals from diverse backgrounds.

Why It’s Necessary for Managers:
* Assists managers in communicating effectively and avoiding misunderstandings.

* Builds trust and fosters positive relationships with local employees, customers, and partners.

* Enhances decision-making by taking cultural expectations into account.

* Improves leadership effectiveness in motivating and managing diverse teams.

* Minimizes the risk of conflict or failure in cross-cultural business operations.


In short, cultural intelligence is essential for managers as it ensures smoother adaptation, stronger collaboration, and greater success in international markets.