Marcheal Frans
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1. Organizational change means adopting new ideas, processes, or behaviors. Today it is driven by fast technology development, global competition, customer demands, government regulations, and social changes

2. Managers use exploration , cooperation, and entrepreneurship (new ventures and risk-taking projects)

3. Creativity, incubators, linkages, open innovation, champions, and venture teams all help generate, develop, and implement new ideas effectively across the organization

4. Changing people attitudes and culture is critical because without it, structural or technical changes will not last

5. Organization Development is a planned effort using behavioral science to improve effectiveness. Large group interventions involve bringing many stakeholders together to solve problems and plan change collectively

1. The borderless world is todays global economy where national borders are becoming less important for business because of technology and trade. This lets companies operate easily anywhere. Managers face challenges like handling different countries laws, understanding diverse cultures, and making sure their companies act ethically around the world.

2. To sell in other countries, businesses have several options. The simplest is exporting, which means shipping products from home. They can also use licensing or franchising, giving a foreign company the right to use their brand. For more control, a company might form a joint venture with a local business or buy an existing company. The riskiest but most controlled option is to build a new company from the ground up in the foreign country.

3. International management is running a business in more than one country, while domestic management is running a business in just one country. The main difference is that an international manager has to handle multiple laws, currencies, and cultures at the same time, which is much more complex.

4. Differences in countries economies, cultures, and laws affect business. Economic differences like varying income levels change how you price products. Cultural differences affect how you market things and how people work. Legal differences mean you have to follow different laws for taxes and labor, which can be a big challenges

5. These are groups of countries (like the EU) that work together to make trade easier among them. They remove trade barriers like taxes, creating one big market that is attractive to companies. This also increases competition, which forces businesses to be more efficient.

6. An MNC is a large company that operates in many countries. It has factories and offices abroad, not just sales teams. A key feature is its ability to manage a global supply chain, often making parts in one country and assembling them in another to save money. MNCs are centrally managed, but they also adapt to local markets.

7. Cultural intelligence, or CQ, is a manager ability to work well with people from different cultures. This is crucial for managers working in foreign countries because it helps them build trust, avoid misunderstandings, and lead diverse teams effectively. Without it, a manager might unknowingly offend local people, causing problems for the business.