Andini Nares Wati
2511031074
Accounting Department

1.Organizational change is the process of modifying an organization’s structure, strategy, processes, or culture to adapt to new challenges and opportunities. The forces driving innovation and change today include rapid technological advances, globalization, changing customer demands, government regulations, competition, social and environmental pressures, and unexpected events such as economic crises or pandemics.

2.The three innovation strategies managers implement for changing products and technologies are:

-Exploration – developing brand new products and technologies through research, experimentation, and creativity.


-Cooperation – collaborating with internal departments, customers, suppliers, and external partners to generate and implement innovations.


-Entrepreneurship – encouraging risk-taking, experimentation, and providing resources for employees to turn new ideas into successful innovations.


3.Creativity generates fresh and unique solutions as the foundation of innovation.

-Idea incubators provide a safe space to test and refine new ideas.

-Horizontal linkages connect different departments to share knowledge and ideas across the organization.

-Open innovation brings in knowledge and resources from external partners.

-Idea champions push new ideas forward and persuade others to support them.

-New-venture teams focus solely on developing and launching innovative projects outside routine operations.

4.Changes in people and culture are critical because employees are the ones who implement new systems, strategies, or technologies. If people resist or are unprepared, change will fail. Culture shapes the shared values and behaviors of the organization; a culture that supports innovation and adaptability makes change possible, while a resistant culture can block it.


5.Organization development (OD) is a planned, systematic effort to improve an organization’s effectiveness, adaptability, and overall health by focusing on people, processes, and culture. Large group interventions are OD methods that bring together many stakeholders in workshops or conferences to identify problems, create shared understanding, develop solutions, and build commitment to organizational change.

Andini Nares Wati
2511031074
Accounting department

1.The idea of a borderless world comes from globalization, where businesses can move products, services, and ideas across countries with fewer barriers. For managers, this is both exciting and challenging because they have to deal with cultural differences, faster competition, and even coordinate teams that might be spread across different time zones.

2.When expanding to foreign markets, companies usually pick from a few main strategies. Some start with exporting since it’s the simplest, while others use licensing or franchising to partner with locals. Bigger firms might go for joint ventures or even set up their own subsidiaries if they want more control.

3.International management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling business operations across multiple countries. It differs from domestic management because international managers must consider different economic systems, laws, and cultural values, as well as additional challenges like currency fluctuations and trade regulations.

4.Differences in economic, sociocultural, and legal-political environments can significantly affect business operations. Economically, countries vary in development and infrastructure. Socioculturally, differences include norms, values, language, and consumer preferences. Legally and politically, governments have different laws, tariffs, labor regulations, and may be affected by political instability. Managers need to understand and adapt to these differences to succeed in foreign markets.

5. Regional trading alliances, such as WTO and NAFTA, have reshaped the international business environment. The WTO reduces trade barriers and increases global trade regulation, while NAFTA has increased regional trade in North America. These alliances provide businesses with bigger markets and more opportunities but also bring stronger competition and the need for innovation.


6. Multinational corporations are companies that operate in many countries, usually with a main office at home and branches abroad. They spread technology, resources, and products across borders, and they try to balance a global vision with adapting to local needs. Because of that, they play a big role in the world economy.


7. Cultural intelligence is all about understanding and adapting to different cultural values and behaviors. Managers working abroad really need this skill, because it helps them communicate better, build trust, and lead diverse teams without falling into misunderstandings or conflicts.