Nama : Taha Abdul-Raoof Taha Al-Maktary
NPM : 2215012083
Kelas : A
Prodi : S1 Arsitektur

1. The article describes the condition of upholding human rights (HAM) in Indonesia in 2019, by highlighting gross human rights violations in the past and handling natural resource conflicts. Even though the situation is complex, there are positive developments such as the government's reform efforts in protecting human rights, the important role of the student movement as social control, and the resilience of the community in defending their demands. This article provides insight into the challenges faced, but also provides space for hope and positive changes in the future in upholding human rights in Indonesia.

2. Indonesian democracy which is taken from the values of indigenous customs and culture of the Indonesian people reflects a unique and diverse approach to implementing a democratic system. Through recognition and respect for cultural diversity and customs, Indonesian democracy can encourage inclusion and active participation from various groups in society. The principle of Indonesian democracy which believes in the one and only God shows the importance of the diversity of religions and beliefs which are recognized as the moral and ethical basis in political life. This strengthens the concept of social harmony and cooperation between religious adherents, and provides a basis for respecting human values in the context of Indonesian democracy.

3. The practice of democracy in Indonesia is currently still facing challenges in terms of adherence to the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution and upholding human rights. Even though the constitutional framework has been established, there is still room for improvement in implementing and running democracy in line with these values. Several issues that need attention include limited freedom of expression, prosecution of activists, restrictions on religious freedom, and discriminatory treatment of minority groups. Continued efforts are needed to strengthen Indonesia's democratic system by upholding the principles of Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, and ensuring better protection and respect for human rights for all Indonesian citizens.

4. The practice of members of parliament using their positions to promote personal political agendas that differ from the real interests of society is something that is not desirable in a democratic system. Members of parliament should be responsible for representing the voice of the people, fighting for the public interest, and working for the welfare of society as a whole. It is important for the people to monitor and actively participate in the political process to ensure the accountability and transparency of the people's representatives and respect the real interests of the people

5. Parties that have charismatic power rooted in tradition or religion and manipulate people's loyalties and emotions to achieve unclear goals is something that is worrying in the context of human rights in today's democratic era. This kind of practice can threaten the principles of democracy which should be centered on participation, freedom and protection of human rights. This can result in repression, restrictions on freedom of expression, and other violations of human rights. In a mature democracy, the protection of human rights must be a principle to be upheld and those in power must be responsible for protecting and promoting those rights, not exploiting the people. The role of law enforcement agencies, civil society and public awareness in understanding and defending human rights is critical to countering such manipulation and maintaining democratic integrity.

Nama : Taha Abdul-Raoof Taha Al-Maktary
NPM : 2215012083
Kelas : A
Prodi : S1 Arsitektur

First, an understanding of Indonesia's geographical complexity is an important foundation. This involves understanding the geographical position of Indonesia as an archipelago with thousands of islands, a variety of climates and topography. In addition, an understanding of Indonesia's natural ecosystems, such as tropical rain forests, and environmental challenges such as natural disasters, climate change, and the importance of conserving natural resources is also important.

Second, social understanding involves recognizing and appreciating the diversity of culture, religion and ethnicity in Indonesia. This understanding includes an introduction to the diversity of languages, customs, and traditions that are the richness of Indonesian culture. An understanding of Indonesia's history, including colonialism and the struggle for independence, as well as the social and economic development of society is also important in understanding the social reality of this country.

Third, understanding state politics involves understanding the political system, government, and democratic processes in Indonesia. This includes an understanding of the constitution, political institutions, political parties, and the role of society in political decision-making. Understanding political dynamics, political issues, as well as challenges and opportunities faced by the state is also an important part of the context of the Archipelago perspective.

Deep understanding of the geographical, social and political complexities of the country in the context of the Archipelago perspective requires an interdisciplinary approach and extensive research. This helps in appreciating the riches and challenges that exist in Indonesia, as well as contributing to sustainable problem-solving and decision-making efforts in maintaining and advancing this country.

NAMA :Taha Al-Maktary

NPM:2215012083

KELAS : A

PRODI : S1 ARSITEKTUR

Nama:Taha Abdul-Raoof Taha Al-Maktary
NPM:2215012083
CLASS:A
PRODI: S1 Arsitektur

1. In my opinion, the conflict in East Timor started from a debate over its political status after Portugal's independence in 1975, and caused a lot of suffering and damage to the region. Efforts to resolve it through diplomacy and peace succeeded in achieving results with a referendum in 1999 which allowed East Timor to choose between autonomy or independence. East Timor's independence in 2002 demonstrated the importance of democracy and human rights in international relations, as well as successful negotiations in resolving difficult conflicts. The East Timor conflict also provides evidence that a new nation can emerge and develop despite major conflicts in its history.

2. The Conception of the Archipelagic Outlook is an important strategic view for the Indonesian nation. Without this conception, Indonesia may face difficulties in managing its natural resources and maintaining its territorial integrity. The Nusantara Insight Conception also helps Indonesia to strengthen its position in regional and global geopolitics, as well as promote cooperation and peace in Southeast Asia. Therefore, the existence of the Archipelago Concept is very important for the progress and sustainability of the Indonesian nation and state

3. The Nusantara Insight Conception plays an important role in preventing conflicts such as the East Timor conflict in the future. This conception strengthens the unity and integrity of Indonesia, maintains the territorial integrity of Indonesia and respects cultural diversity. With the concept of the Archipelagic Outlook, it is hoped that cooperation and peace will be created among nations in Southeast Asia, so as to be able to prevent conflicts and strengthen regional stability.

Nama:Taha Abdul-Raoof Taha Al-Maktary
NPM:2215012083
CLASS:A
PRODI: S1 Arsitektur

Geopolitics is the study of the relationship between geographical, political, and economic factors in the context of international relations and their influence on a country's foreign policy. In geopolitics, geographical factors such as location, topography, and natural resources are seen as important factors in determining a country's position in the international world. Aspects discussed in geopolitics include national security strategies, the influence of the strategic environment and the global economy on countries, as well as the relationship between large countries and small countries in the international system. The study of geopolitics also includes analysis of conflicts between countries, foreign policy, international trade, and the impact of climate change and technology on international relations.

Geopolitics in Indonesia is strongly influenced by unique geographical factors, such as its strategic geographical location at the junction of two oceans and three continents, and having abundant natural resources, such as oil, gas and mining. In addition, political and economic factors also affect Indonesia's geopolitics, such as relations with neighboring countries, foreign policy, and economic competition at the regional and global levels. Indonesia has an important role in international relations and regional geopolitics, however, there are also several challenges that need to be faced by Indonesia in geopolitics, such as conflicts in several regions, maritime security, free trade, and external influences in politics and the economy. Therefore, Indonesia needs to formulate the right strategy in dealing with various geopolitical challenges and strengthen its position in international relations to achieve development goals that are sustainable and just for all Indonesian people.