S1_MNJ_MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION_International class_Ganjil 2023

Knowing the importance of the decision making process, it is important to know what things support the decision making process. There are two things that influence the decision making process, namely leadership style and personality.

Hania Intishar (2391031001)
-Magnitude, or significance of the consequences.
-Concentration of effect, or the number of -people affected.
-Proximity of the decision maker to the victim or beneficiary of the decision.
-Probability that the decision implemented will lead to the predicted consequence.

My name is Muhammad Rizqy Ramadhan (2351031026)
Information:
The availability and accuracy of information affects a manager's ability to make good decisions.

External Environment:
External factors such as competition, market changes and government regulations can affect managers' decisions.

Time:
Sometimes, decisions must be made in a short period of time, while other decisions can be made with more time for analysis.

Ethics:
Ethical considerations in decision-making are important to maintain the integrity and reputation of the organisation.

My name is Maureen Cahayli (2311031129). There are 3 factors that shape a manager's ethical desicion making is :
1) At thepreconventional level, a manager is concerned with external rewards and punishment and obeys authority to avoid detrimental personal consequences.These managers are likely to be autocratic or coercive.
2) At theconventional level, managers learn to conform to expectations of good behavior as defined by colleagues, friends, family, and society.These managers are interested in interpersonal relationships and cooperation.
3) At the postconventional level (also called principled level), individuals develop an internal set of standards and values and will disobey rules or laws that violate these principles.Internal values are more important than expectations of significant others.These managers typically use a transformative or servant leadership style.

Thank you

There are three factors that shape a manager's ethical decision making, which are
* individual
* organizational
* opportunity factors. All three of these factors can weigh heavily on a person during the decision making process, especially in the work place. Many people look to friends or associates for guidance when making questionable decisions. Sometimes a person may make a decision based on the opportunity they are put into. Some people make decisions based on their own moral beliefs and the way they were raised. No matter how a person comes to make a decision, there are usually three factors that influence a person’s ethical decision making process.

Ethical decision-making is based on core character values like trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and good citizenship. Ethical decisions generate ethical behaviors and provide a foundation for good business practices

Important factors that can influence ethical decision making, which are individual, organizational, and opportunity factors. All of these factors can weigh heavily on a person during the decision making process, especially in the work place. Many people look to friends or associates for guidance when making questionable decisions. Sometimes a person may make a decision based on the opportunity they are put into. Some people make decisions based on their own moral beliefs and the way they were raised.

Name : Incik Abiyyu Dhaif Ramadhan
NPM : 2311011008

A manager's ethical decision-making is shaped by various factors :

1. Personal Values and Beliefs : a manager's own moral values and beliefs form the foundation for their ethical decision-making. These values are shaped by their upbringing, culture, education, and personal experiences.

2. Organizational Culture and Norms : the culture and norms within an organization can greatly influence a manager's ethical decision-making. If an organization promotes ethical behavior, managers are more likely to prioritize ethical considerations in their decision-making process.

3. Legal and Regulatory Framework : laws, regulations, and industry standards provide a framework for ethical decision-making. Managers are required to comply with these legal and regulatory obligations, which can influence the choices they make.

4. Stakeholders' Interests : managers have a responsibility to consider the interests of various stakeholders, such as employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, and the community. Balancing these different interests can be a significant factor in ethical decision-making.

5. Ethical Codes and Guidelines : many organizations have developed ethical codes or guidelines that provide a set of principles or rules for managers to follow. These codes can provide guidance and support for ethical decision-making.

6. Ethics Training and Education : managers who have received training in ethics and have a solid understanding of ethical theories and frameworks are better equipped to make ethical decisions. Continuous education in ethics helps managers develop the necessary skills to navigate complex ethical dilemmas.

7. Personal Integrity and Leadership : a manager's personal integrity, honesty, and leadership style play a crucial role in their ethical decision-making. Managers who demonstrate ethical behavior themselves are more likely to inspire similar behavior in their subordinates.

8. Consequences and Accountability : the potential consequences of a decision and the level of accountability associated with it can significantly influence a manager's ethical decision-making process. Managers must consider the potential impact of their decisions on individuals, the organization, and society as a whole.

It is important to note that the relative importance of these factors can vary across different situations and individuals. Additionally, managers may face conflicting ethical considerations, requiring them to prioritize competing values and make difficult choices.

Yoga Anoveantoni Putra
2311011092

1. The Problem, managers should've identifying the problem and be cautious not to confuse problem with symptoms of the problem.
2. Probability, that the decision implemented will lead to the predicted consequnce.
3. Strategy and Structural in the corporation
4. External factors, competition, market changes and government regulations can affect managers' decisions.
5. Social Environment, that a proposed decision is negative or positive

Khadijah Raihan (2311031067)

There are 3 factors that influence or shape manager’s ethical decision making :

1. Individual characteristics

individual characteristics values and personality play a role in determining whether a person behaves ethically. Each person comes to an organization with a relatively entrenched set of personal values, which represent basic convictions about what is right and wrong. Our values develop from a young age based on what we see and hear from parents, teachers, friends, and others.

2. Organization’s culture

an organization’s culture consists of the shared organizational values. These values reflect what the organization stands for and what it believes in as well as create an environment that influences employee behavior ethically or unethically. When it comes to ethical behavior, a culture most likely to encourage high ethical standards is one that’s high in risk tolerance, control, and conflict toler- ance. Employees in such a culture are encouraged to be aggressive and innovative, are aware that unethical practices will be discovered, and feel free to openly challenge expectations they consider to be unrealistic or personally undesirable.

3. Opportunity factors

Opportunity cost is used in decision-making to help individuals and organizations make better choices, primarily by considering the alternatives. This factors used to identify business and community development.

Dega Alfarizy Hasibuan
2311011137

There's a lot of factors that can influence managers ethical decision making, here are the few key factors in my opinion
Perrsonal values and beliefs, play as the foundation for ethical decision making. Managers often make decisions aligned with their deeply held moral principles and values.

The culture of the organization, plays a crucial role in shaping a manager's ethical decisions. An organization's values, norms, and expectations can either encourage or discourage ethical behavior.

The behavior and ethical stance of top-level executives and leaders in the organization can set a strong example for managers. Ethical leaders are more likely to create an environment that promotes ethical decision making throughout the organization.

REKA ALDILANA RAMADHAN
2351011024
The factors that shape a manager’s ethical decision-making process can be categorized into three main groups: individual factors, social factors, and opportunity factors.
Individual factors include:
1. Knowledge level: The amount of information a manager possesses about ethical issues.
2. Moral values and attitudes: The personal beliefs and principles that guide a manager’s behavior.
3. Personal goals: The objectives and aspirations that influence a manager’s decision-making process.
Social factors include:
4. Cultural norms: The shared values, beliefs, and practices within a particular society or organization.
5. Actions and values of coworkers: The behavior and principles demonstrated by colleagues.
6. Influence of significant others: The impact of family, friends, or mentors on a manager’s ethical decision-making process.
Opportunity factors include:
7. Organizational culture: The values, norms, and practices that shape the ethical climate within an organization.
8. Leadership behavior: The actions and decisions of top management that set the tone for ethical conduct.
9. Rewards and punishments: The incentives and consequences associated with ethical or unethical behavior.
These factors collectively influence a manager’s ethical decision-making process.

My name is Maretha Yola Elpa Denta (2351011019)
The factors that shape a manajer’s ethical decision making is Whether a person acts ethically or not is influenced by his or her personal characteristics, values, and personality. Each person enters an organization with relatively deep-rooted personal values that reflect core beliefs about what is right and wrong. Our values are formed from an early age based on what we see and hear from our parents, teachers, friends, and other people. The culture and norms within an organization can have a significant impact on managers' ethical decision-making. When an organization promotes ethical behavior, managers are more likely to prioritize ethical considerations in the decision-making process. Risk and consequences from that decision so the manager should think abiut it harder, And opportunities factor also can be the factor of the manager for making a decision.

My nama is Larisa Nadia Putri (2311031111) the factors that shape a manager's ethical decision making is Extended consequenses ( manager is a leader, so whatever manager’s do will affect the co-workers )
1. Many alternatives ( as a leader, manager’s have to carefully analyze each possible alternative which will provide more benefits or bring goodness )
2. Mixed outcomes ( the decision may turn out good or the other way around )
3. Uncertain consequenses ( making decison without thinking about possible consequences will affect the whole team )
4. Involves personal implications ( manager’s must decide for the common good

i’m Raissa Verina 2311011013.i want to explain the factors that shape a manager's ethical decision making. There are three important factors that can influence ethical decision making, which are individual, organizational, and opportunity factors. All three of these factors can weigh heavily on a person during the decision making process, especially in the work place.

Kus Larisa Nathania Zita
2311031004

The factors that shape a manager’s ethical decision making are past experiences, cognitive biases, age and individual differences, belief in personal relevance, and an escalation of commitment. Those factors effects the manager’s thoughts about what will happens in the future of the company. With those factors, manager could choose so that the company will make the best decision for the better results.

Nama : Jasmine Aulia Putri
NPM : 2311031109

The factors that shape a manager’s ethical decision making.
1. Experience. can help provide long-term effects for business.
2. Ability. The ability to deal and negotiate with people about something.
3. Education. The formal and informal education that we got can influence the way we see and think to make any dicision.