S1_MNJ_MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION_International class_Ganjil 2023

My name is Anggita Elieza Avriliani Sitompul (2311011001). At the preconventional level, a manager is concerned with external rewards and punishment and obeys authority to avoid detrimental personal consequences.These managers are likely to be autocratic or coercive. At the conventional level, managers learn to conform to expectations of good behavior as defined by colleagues, friends, family, and society.These managers are interested in interpersonal relationships and cooperation. At the postconventional level(also called principled level), individuals develop an internal set of standards and values and will disobey rules or laws that violate these principles.Internal values are more important than expectations of significant others.These managers typically use a transformative or servant leadership style.

POSITION/POSITION: usually because he as a manager has a very big responsibility to lead the company
Another opinion: this means he was inspired and combined his ideas to make the company more advanced in the future

Availability of Required Information: usually a manager makes decisions based on information in order to make a system in their business more advanced and balanced. for example, regarding increases in the prices of goods sold or unexpected government policies.

there is several factors, like manager's personal beliefs, values, and etchical principles. Beside that there is orgazation culture and norms that willl affect to decision making. Laws and regulations, manager must ensure if their decision comply with laws and regulatons to avoid legal consequences. Etchical decision making is a complex process, which is need several factors.

My name is Jasmine Aulia Putri (2311031109). The factors that shape a manager’s ethical decision.
• Utilitarian approach: ethical behaviour brings the greatest benefit to the greatest number.
• Individualist approach: actions are ethical if they promote the long-term interests of the individual.
• Moral rights approach: people have basic rights and freedoms that cannot be taken away by an individual's decision.
• Approach to justice: Ethical decisions must be based on standards of fairness, justice, and impartiality.
• Realistic approach: make decisions based on current standards, society, and all stakeholders.

Name: Hania Intishar
NPM: 2391031001
there are 3 factors shapes manager's decision
1. individual; means that past experiences, cognitive biases, age and individual differences, belief in personal relevance, and an escalation of commitment influences manager's to make decision to be ethical.
2. organizational; this consider can be defined as a set of values or norms that is shared by members or employees of an organization/ company
3. opportunity; This defining as a situation that encourages or discourages a person/ team. opportunity cost is used in decision-making to help individuals and organizations make better choices, primarily by considering the alternatives.

My name is Maureen Cahayli (2311031129). there are 4 factors that shape a manager's ethical decision making.

1) Information inputs.
It is very important to have complete and accurate information about the situation in order to make a decision, otherwise the quality of the decision will suffer. However, it must be admitted that the individual faces certain mental limitations that limit the amount of information he can fully process.
Too little information is as dangerous as too much information.

2) Prejudice.
Biases and biases are introduced into our decisions through cognitive processes and can cause us to make ineffective decisions. First, perception is highly selective, meaning we only accept what we want to accept and therefore only that type of information reaches our senses. Second, perception is highly subjective, meaning that information is distorted to fit our pre-established beliefs, attitudes, and values.

3) Cognitive constraints.
The human brain, the source of thought, creativity, and decision-making, is limited in capacity in many ways. For example, except under special circumstances, our memory is very short-term and is only capable of remembering a few ideas, words, and symbols.

Additionally, we can only do a limited number of calculations in our heads, and it is difficult to compare all possible options and make a choice. Finally, psychologically, we are always uncomfortable when making decisions. We are never truly sure that our alternative is correct and optimal until we feel the impact of the implications of that decision. This puts us in danger.

4) Attitude towards risk and uncertainty.
These attitudes develop in a person, partly because of certain personal characteristics and partly because of organizational characteristics. If organizational policy is to punish losses more than to reward gains, decision makers will tend to avoid alternatives that carry a risk of failure. Therefore, a manager can avoid a potentially attractive opportunity if there is a slight risk of loss. The decision maker's personal characteristics related to his or her attitude toward risk taking will influence the success of the decision.

thank you, Mrs. Nova.

my name is gladys felicia (2311031073). There are three important factors that can influence ethical decision making, which are individual, organizational, and opportunity factors. All three of these factors can weigh heavily on a person during the decision making process, especially in the work place.1. individual; means that past experiences, cognitive biases, age and individual differences, belief in personal relevance, and an escalation of commitment influences manager's to make decision to be ethical.
2. organizational; this consider can be defined as a set of values or norms that is shared by members or employees of an organization/ company
3. opportunity; This defining as a situation that encourages or discourages a person/ team. opportunity cost is used in decision-making to help individuals and organizations make better choices, primarily by considering the alternatives.

there are three important factors that can influence ethical decision making, which are individual, organizational, and opportunity factors. All three of these factors can weigh heavily on a person during the decision making process, especially in the work place. Many people look to friends or associates for guidance when making questionable decisions. Sometimes a person may make a decision based on the opportunity they are put into. Some people make decisions based on their own moral beliefs and the way they were raised.

My Name is Willdan Mugar Nurochmad (2311011027) A manager's ethical decision-making is influenced by a complex interplay of various factors, including:
1. Codes of Conduct and Policies: Many organizations have established codes of conduct and ethical policies that guide decision-making. Managers are expected to adhere to these guidelines.

2. Peer and Leadership Influence: The behavior and ethical choices of colleagues and superiors can influence a manager's decisions. Leaders who exemplify ethical behavior can serve as role models.

3. Ethical Dilemmas: Managers often face complex ethical dilemmas where competing values or interests come into conflict, requiring careful consideration and judgment.

4.Risk and Consequences: Managers must weigh the potential risks and consequences of their decisions, both in terms of ethical violations and negative impact on the organization's reputation.

These factors is used for a consideration to making a decision, manager will consider the principles that might apply to the issues. There are legal, regulatory, and law that set the limit and standart, then personal virtue and belief, individual rights, distributive justice, and the organizational also the nation culture. Beside all of that, making a decisiom is a complex way of process that could impacts all of the aspects. So the ethical principle of manager is an important thing that a manager’s should understand. Every system that a manager’s create amd decide will impact on the sustainability of the company.

Name: Maretha Yola Elpa Denta
Npm: 2351011019

So there are a some factor of shape manager’s ethical decision making:
inputs for information

For making decisions, it is crucial to have complete and precise information about the situation; else, the decision's quality would decline. However, it is important to acknowledge that each person has some mental limitations that restrict the quantity of information he can process effectively.

Both too little and too much information are harmful. When opposed to more cautious decision-makers, some very authoritative people do base their decisions on significantly less information.

Prejudice

Our perceptual processes add prejudice and bias into our decision-making, which could lead to poor choices. First, since perception is highly selective and we only accept what we want to accept, only this kind of information gets sent along.

Cognitive Restrictions

The human brain, which is where thinking, creativity, and decision-making come from, has some capacity limitations. For instance, with the exception of a few special situations, our memory is short-term and can hold only a limited number of concepts, words, and symbols.

Additionally, we are only capable of performing a finite amount of computations in our heads, and it is challenging to weigh all available options before making a decision.

Perspectives on risk and uncertainty

These attitudes are formed in a person as a result of both organizational factors and certain human traits. The decision-maker would likely to avoid the alternatives that have some odds of failing if the organizational policy penalizes losses more than it rewards gains.

Therefore, if there is a small probability of losing, a manager may decide to pass on a potentially good opportunity. The decision's success is influenced by a decision-maker's personal traits and attitudes toward taking risks.

Social and cultural influences

Social and group norms have a significant influence on a decision maker's style. Ebert and Mitchell define social norms as a rating scale that specifies the acceptable range and the unacceptable range of behavior, events, beliefs, or any other perceived object. members of a social unit of interest.

Personal Practices

To forecast a decision-maker's decision-making style, it is necessary to examine his own habits, which are shaped by social ambient forces and individual perceptual processes. Even when their choices are not the best ones, some people remain with them.

Thank you.

Name: Yoga Anoveantoni Putra (2311011092)
1. Emotional

Emotional factors contained in leaders less professional in controlling his emotions when taking A decision also influences future decisions taken.

2. Rational

Based on the knowledge people gain information, understanding the situation or its consequences. When making a decision, someone should understand The problem is that the decisions taken do not cause problems new problems.

3.Interpersonal

Based on the influence of existing social networks. Connection from one person to another can influence actions individual.

4.Structural

Factors where decisions are structured and orderly. Structural factors can be based on the social and economic scope and politics.

My name is Larisa Nadia Putri Hasan Mangkunegara (2311031111)
The first factor that shape a manager's ethical decision making is Extended Consequenses, manager is a leader, so whatever manager’s do will affect the co-workers. Second The Alternatives as a leader, manager’s have to carefully analyze each possible alternative which will provide more benefits or bring goodness. Next Mixed Outcomes, which mean the decision may turn out good or the other way around. Then Uncertain Consequenses, making decison without thinking about possible consequences will affect the whole team. Last, Involves Personal Implications, This can be based on personal experience, manager’s must decide for the common good.

my name Cahya Mahadi Putri (2311011057)
three factors that shape a manager's ethical decision making : Individual factors, organizational relationships and opportunity factors all work together to determine the ethical decisions in a business. To understand the significance of this, it is important to grasp how decisions are made throughout a corporation. The three factors that influence ethical decision-making are individual factors, organizational relationships and opportunity.
1. Individual factors are ethical decisions that employees choose to make based on their own concepts of what is right or wrong
2. organizational relationships are the culture of the organization as well as its peers, which make a huge impact on the ethical decision-making process.
3. opportunity process to identify business and community development opportunities that could be implemented to sustain or improve the local economy

My name is Muhammad Rizqy Ramadhan (2351031026)
Information:
The availability and accuracy of information affects a manager's ability to make good decisions.

External Environment:
External factors such as competition, market changes and government regulations can affect managers' decisions.

Time:
Sometimes, decisions must be made in a short period of time, while other decisions can be made with more time for analysis.

Ethics:
Ethical considerations in decision-making are important to maintain the integrity and reputation of the organisation.

I’m Raissa Verina ( 2311011013 ). There are three important factors that can influence ethical decision making, which are individual, organizational, and opportunity factors.Individual factors can affect a person greatly when making ethical or unethical decisions. The organizational factor can be defined as a set of values or norms that is shared by members or employees of an organization.The last factor is the opportunity factor. This can be defined as a situation that encourages or discourages a person. All three of these factors can weigh heavily on a person during the decision making process, especially in the work place.

Name : Incik Abiyyu Dhaif Ramadhan
NPM : 2311011008
The factors that shape a manager's ethical decision making can vary depending on the context and the individual. However, some common factors that can influence ethical decision making include :
1. Ethical leadership : The behavior and actions of leaders can have a significant impact on the ethical decision making of their subordinates. Leaders who model ethical behavior and create a culture of ethical decision making can positively influence the ethical decision making of their team.
2. Personal characteristics : Personal values, beliefs, and experiences can shape how individuals approach ethical decision making. For example, individuals who prioritize social responsibility may be more likely to make ethical decisions that benefit society as a whole.
3. Environmental factors : The context in which ethical decisions are made can also influence decision making. Factors such as organizational culture, industry norms, and government policies can all impact ethical decision making. For example, auditors may be more likely to make ethical decisions when they have knowledge of the client industry and government policy
4. Experience and training : Experience and training can also shape ethical decision making. Individuals who have received training in ethical decision making may be more likely to make ethical decisions. Additionally, individuals who have faced ethical dilemmas in the past may be better equipped to make ethical decisions in the future.

In summary, ethical decision making is a complex process that can be influenced by a variety of factors. Ethical leadership, personal characteristics, environmental factors, and experience and training can all shape a manager's ethical decision making.

Najwa Salsabila Az-Zahra 

(2311031124)

Factors that affecting decision making

1. Personal Factors
can be from personal demographics such as gender, age, stages in life cycle, education, economic position, etc. and also can be from personal psychographics include lifestyle, attitudes, self-concept, beliefs, etc.

2. Cultural Factors
it is determined by the education level, wealth, profession & designation, location of residence, values and behaviour.

3. Social Factors
influence of reference groups such as family, friends, peer groups, close colleagues, & close-knit organisations.

4. Information
too much information or information overloaded creates confusion & delay in decision making

5. Psychological Factors
including motivation, perception, and memory process, include past experiences. it all begins with needs of manager.

My name is Khaila Dara Ayu (2351031028). The factors that determine ethical intensity include the following:

• Magnitude, or significance of the consequences
• Concentration of effect, or the number of people affected
• Proximity of the decision maker to the victim or beneficiary of the decision
•Probability that the decision implemented will lead to the predicted consequence
• Social consensus that a proposed decision is negative or positive
• Temporal immediacy, or the elapsed length of time between when a decision is made and when the resulting consequences occur

The significance of the consequences refers to the total harm or benefit that follows from the decision. If a few customers were overcharged a small amount by mistake, it may not be worth correcting the mistake. If thousands were overcharged, then the ethical intensity is much higher. If the overcharged customers are friends or neighbors (proximity), it becomes more important to address the issue.

Name: Dega Alfarizy Hasibuan
Npm: 2311011137

There's a lot of factors that can influence managers ethical decision making, here are the few key factors in my opinion
Perrsonal values and beliefs, play as the foundation for ethical decision making. Managers often make decisions aligned with their deeply held moral principles and values.

The culture of the organization, plays a crucial role in shaping a manager's ethical decisions. An organization's values, norms, and expectations can either encourage or discourage ethical behavior.

The behavior and ethical stance of top-level executives and leaders in the organization can set a strong example for managers. Ethical leaders are more likely to create an environment that promotes ethical decision making throughout the organization.

Khadijah Raihan (2311031067)

There are 3 factors that influence or shape manager’s ethical decision making :

1. Individual characteristics

individual characteristics values and personality play a role in determining whether a person behaves ethically. Each person comes to an organization with a relatively entrenched set of personal values, which represent basic convictions about what is right and wrong. Our values develop from a young age based on what we see and hear from parents, teachers, friends, and others.

2. Organization’s culture

an organization’s culture consists of the shared organizational values. These values reflect what the organization stands for and what it believes in as well as create an environment that influences employee behavior ethically or unethically. When it comes to ethical behavior, a culture most likely to encourage high ethical standards is one that’s high in risk tolerance, control, and conflict toler- ance. Employees in such a culture are encouraged to be aggressive and innovative, are aware that unethical practices will be discovered, and feel free to openly challenge expectations they consider to be unrealistic or personally undesirable.

3. Opportunity factors

Opportunity cost is used in decision-making to help individuals and organizations make better choices, primarily by considering the alternatives. This factors used to identify business and community developments.

My name is Asyh Puja Asyifa (2311031061). The factors that shape a manager's ethical decision making are:
1. Culture
Culture refers to the social norms, customs, and beliefs of a society or group. Culture influences business ethics because it affects how people perceive and do things.
2. Personal Code of Ethics
Personal code of ethics of an individual influences his decision-making and how he acts in a particular circumstance.
3. Legislation
Legislation concerning business ethics refers to the fact that government departments and agencies will intervene and enact laws and rules to prevent companies from engaging in unethical behavior.
4. Government Rules and Regulation
The set of rules and regulations imposed by government rules and regulation.
5. Ethical Code of the Company
The code of ethics that has been designed, communicated, and implemented by the entity also influences its ethical code.
6. Social Pressures
Societal pressures and forces are other factors that play a role in influencing the business ethics of an entity.
7. Ethical Climate of the Industry
The ethical climate of the industry refers to the practices and norms followed by other companies