UP Chemistry_Physical Chemistry I_Class B_2nd Semester_2021/2022

The kinetic-molecular theory (the nature of gas pressure and thermal expansion of gas; distribution of speeds and the average speed of gas molecules and how they change with temperature); the differences between the behavior of an ideal gas and a real gas (understand how molecular volumes and intermolecular attractions cause the properties of real gasses to deviate from those predicted by the ideal gas law; derive the van der Waals equation and use the equation to calculate properties of gas; recognize other equations of state of real gas); the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics (thermodynamic systems, walls, and environments); define different forms of energy (internal energy, heat, and work); state the First Law of Thermodynamic (identify and describe exchange processes between thermodynamic system and its environment, derive an expression for thermodynamic works, heat capacity and heat transfer at different conditions, distinguish between state function and path function in thermodynamic; distinguish between exact and inexact differential and their significance in thermodynamic;  describe enthalpy as a state function and as function of temperature; describe how to measure enthalpy; formulate and calculate the change in internal energy at constant pressure; describe  Joule–Thomson effect and adiabatic changes;  describe differential scanning calorimetric  method as an example of thermochemical application, the limitations of first law of thermodynamics), the second law of thermodynamics (its significant to predict the spontaneity of process; calculate entropy changes that accompany various changes of state of thermodynamic systems); the third law of thermodynamics (its significance in thermodynamics); basic principles of the statistical thermodynamics (internal energy, Boltzmann formulation of entropy,  and chemical potential); free energy (Helmholtz and Gibbs; describe the change in free energy of thermodynamic system in terms of the changes in enthalpy and entropy of the system; To describe the relationship between the change in free energy and the maximum amount of work that can be produced by the system).